Bibliographies: 'Salice' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

Abstract In this paper I analyze Alessandro Salice and Joona Taipale’s account of ‘group-directed empathy.’ I am highly sympathetic to Salice and Taipale’s account and intend this paper to be an endorsem*nt of their project. However, I will argue that a more fine-grained account of group-directed empathy can be offered, and I seek to contribute to this discussion by outlining at least one way in which different types of group-directed empathy may be identified. I argue that while Salice and Taipale are right to claim that an account of group-directed empathy requires a corresponding account of ‘collective bodiliness,’ there is an important form of collective bodiliness that their account does not fully incorporate, namely embodied interaction between others. I argue that a closer look at the perceivability of interactions between others offers a richer and more complete account of how we can empathetically perceive shared emotions between groups of people.

Abstract:

A new species of Polyplacophora (Mollusca) has been found in the Salice outcrop, in the Peloritain Mountains (Sicily, Italy), is attributed to the early Pleistocene. Lepidopleurus (Leptochiton) salicensis n.sp. is characterized by its uniformly sculptured tegmentum, with (well) raised, randomly distributed, neatly separated rounded/polygonal granules. The new species is compared with Lepidopleurus (Leptochiton) alveolus (M.Sars MS, Lovén, 1846), from the North Atlantic, and Lepidopleurus (Leptochiton) tavianii Dell’Angelo, Landau & Marquet, 2004, from the Pliocene of Estepona (Málaga, Spain).

Abstract:

The formula for the liberation of slaves is handed down in the vernacular in chapterxxviof the ‘Pactus legis Salicae’ and chapterxxxviiof the ‘Lex Salica’ [both C6]. The language of this particular part of the text seems to have strong characteristics of Low Franconian, such as the pronounthiin the accusative and the prefixâ- in verbs. In this respect it differs somewhat from the other so-called ‘Malberg Glosses’ in this Latin text.

Abstract:

The increasing numbers of chromium contaminated sites in Italy requires the adoption of low-cost and large scale clean-up technologies. As an alternative to the traditional methods, phytoremediation could be exploited, which uses herbaceous and woody plants in association with the rizosphere microorganisms to remove and/or detoxify soils, waters and sediments from environmental pollutants.Trees have been suggested as suitable plants for the phytoremediation technologies, being high yielding biomass and genetically variable organisms. Particularly, species of the genus Salix are fast growing plants, excellent biomass producers, and their roots can explore large zones in deep.Therefore, due to the need to identify plant species characterized by high phytoremediation potential, in the present study Salix spp. have been sceened for tolerance to and accumulation of trivalent chromium (CrIII).At first, seven Salix species were considered: S. alba L. sub. typica, S. daphnoides Vill., S. elaeagnos Scop., S. fragilis L., S. purpurea L., S. matsudana Marsh. var. tortuosa e S. nigra Koidz. The responses of plants to CrIII were evaluated in terms of duration of treatment (since 4 hours to 1 year), growing environment (climatic chamber or green-house), growing substrate (hydroponics, soil, perlite), and metal concentration (50, 100 e 300 ?M di CrCl3 for hydroponic and agriperlite experiments; 50 ?moli Cr Kg-1 for soil trial).Four Salix species were selected in perlite experiments (50 and 100 ?M di CrCl3) on the basis of cross-results relative to high CrIII tolerance and accumulation: Salix alba sub. typica; S. elaeagnos, S. fragilis e S. matsudana var. tortuosa. The remaining three species displayed low Cr accumulation and/or tolerance, and were not used for further experiments.Selected plant species were in part grown in perlite with 100 and 300 ?M di CrCl3, and in part inside pots containing soil with no Cr (control) or CrIII 50 ?moli Cr Kg-1. Plants grown in perlite showed a slight decrease of biomass production and reduced Fe and S contents in response to Cr treatment. Also, Cr accumulation in roots accounted for 1426 ?g Cr g-1 on a dry weight basis (d. wt.) after 28 days of treatment. Conversely, plants grown in CrIII contaminated soil produced more biomass and chlorophyll than the controls, while containing up to 700 ?g Cr g-1 d.wt. in roots after 45 days in plus Cr.Among the four species, S. fragilis e S. matsudana were those accumulating high Cr amounts in both experiments. Therefore, the two species were further used in hydroponic experiments in the presence of 100 or 300 ?M CrIII for 15 days. Both plant species showed toxic effects due to CrIII exposure, such as decrease of leaf gas exchange and photosynthetic activity, reduction of growth, structural and ultrastructural alterations of root tips and leaves. Moreover, the increased activity of such enzymes as catalase and guaiacol peroxidase, involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), was observed. Chromium accumulation in roots was significant at both short- (up to 4426 ?g Cr g-1 d.wt. after 4 hours of treatment) and long- (up to 6833 ?g Cr g-1 d.wt. after 15 days of treatment) exposure of plants to CrIII.In conclusion, the Salix species used in this study have shown high variability in root Cr accumulation, while the translocation rate of the metal to the shoot was generally limited. The effects of chromium on plants relied on the Cr concentration applied and on the plant growing substrate. Indeed, Cr was more available in hydroponic solution than in soil and perlite and, as a consequence, it was more promptly absorbed and caused more visible phytotoxic symptoms.Our results indicate that the employment of Salix spp., particularly of S. fragilis, may be useful in the phytoremediation of CrIII contaminated sites. In fact, S. fragilis was the species that accumulated high levels of Cr in all the experimental conditions tested. Therefore, the capacity of Cr accumulation seems to be an intrinsic species-related feature, whereas the growth medium would affect the bioavailability of Cr to plants, and therefore Cr accumulation in plant tissues. In soil contaminated with CrIII the presence of Salix plants allowed the removal of 26% more than that measured in soil subjected to the loss of Cr for water leaching

Abstract:

La saline de Sfax est un environnement thalasso halin (milieu salé alimenté par de l’eau de mer) riche en plancton malgré la contrainte du sel et l’intensité lumineuse élevée. Cette richesse est due à ses facteurs physico-chimiques particuliers. L’analyse STATICO a mis en évidence que l’azote et le phosphore peuvent influencer la distribution du phytoplancton en plus de la salinité qui domine dans ce milieu particulier. En se basant sur ce dernier paramètre, nous avons pu regrouper les espèces selon leur tolérance au sel. Afin de mieux comprendre le comportement du phytoplancton, trois espèces autotrophes Dunaliella salina (Chlorophycée), Cylindrotheca closterium (diatomée) et Phormidium versicolor Cyanophycée) ont été isolées, identifiées puis cultivées en batch dans de l’eau de mer artificielle sous trois niveaux d’éclairement et en présence de trois concentrations en NaCl. La croissance, l’activité photosynthétique ainsi que l’activité enzymatique anti-oxydante ont été mesurées. L’appareil photosynthétique de la Chlorophycée et de la cyanobactérie est moins affecté que celui de la diatomée qui est irréversiblement altéré aux forts éclairements et à la plus forte salinité; l’activité antioxydante n’a été détectée que sous l’éclairement le plus élevé et la synthèse des pigments caroténoïdes, qui sont des anti-oxydants non enzymatiques, est fortement activée surtout chez D.salina. La salinité et le niveau d’éclairement inter-réagissent sur la physiologie des trois espèces qui possèdent des mécanismes de résistance aux stress plus ou moins efficaces, d’où des résistances différentes aux contraintes du milieu selon les espèces
The saltern of Sfax is a thalasso haline environment (salt medium supplied with sea water) plankton-rich despite the high salinity and the high light intensity. This richness is due to its physico-chemical characteristics. The STATICO analysis shows that nitrogen and phosphorus can influence the distribution of the phytoplankton in addition to salinity that dominates in this peculiar medium. Basing on this parameter, we could group the species according to their salt tolerance. To better understand the behavior of the phytoplankton, three autotrophic species Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyceae) Cylindrotheca closterium (diatom) and Phormidiumversicolor (Cyanophycea) were isolated, identified and grown in batch in artificialseawater in the presence of three NaCI concentrations and under three irradiations. Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured. The photosynthetic apparatus of the Chlorophyceae and the cyanobacteriumwas less affected than the diatom’s one that was irreversibly altered under high illumination and the highest salinity ; the antioxidant activity was only detected in cells grown under the highest irradiance and the synthesis of carotenoid pigments, that are non-enzymatic antioxidants,was strongly activated especially in D.salina. Salinity and light inter-reacted on the physiology of the three species that possess resistance mechanisms to stresses more or less effective, resulting in different resistance to environmental stresses depending on species

Abstract:

During the last decades, short rotation forestry (SRF) plantations have become attractive for Italian farmers due both to their capacity to produce large quantities of woody biomass for energy purposes and to the considerable amount of public incentives allowed.The present study quantifies in a chronosequence 52 plantations in the Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia in order to acquire extensive knowledge of the productivity potential of SRF plantations in Northern Italy, their mortality rate, shoot sprouting capacity after coppicing and above-ground biomass production. Two newly selected clones of hybrid poplar, Pegaso and Sirio, specific for biomass production were employed under intensive biennial coppice management, planted at 3,0 m x 0,5 m. Experimental plots were measured during the winter 2007/2008. Average yields during the first cutting cycle are of 5 Mg ha-1 year-1 of dry matter, and at the end of the second cutting cycle average yields are of 9 Mg ha-1 year-1 for both clones. Constraining factors were found in all plantation soils. Yields of SRF plantation are lower than the values reported in literature for experimental plots, but are similar to the results of SRF in marginal areas. In 38,5% of experimental plantations, yields are insufficient for economic purposes. In order to improve yield, SRF plantations need high input management like fertilization and irrigation. An alternative to chemical fertilization is disposing of animal farm effluents. A test on swine effluent disposal effects on SRF of poplar, willow and black locust was carried out in order to evaluate yields capacity under different effluent management. Black locust’s and willow’s yields increase after one treatment. Poplar does not show any yield differences under different effluent management, probably because of a nutrient excess. Swine effluent disposal could prove useful in increasing biomass yield, but should be calibrated on a species’ phytoextraction potential to avoid pollution.
Nel corso dell’ultimo decennio la SRF da biomassa ha iniziato a diffondersi in Italia grazie alla presenza di cospicui finanziamenti. Al fine di evidenziare le reali potenzialità produttive e le problematiche della SRF realizzata in pieno campo in impianti produttivi non sperimentali è stata condotta un’analisi sincronica in 52 aree di saggio in impianti di SRF realizzati in pieno campo in Friuli Venezia Giulia. Sono stati analizzati il tasso di mortalità, l’emissione di getti dalla ceppaia a seguito della ceduazione, le principali caratteristiche dendrometriche e qualitative dei getti di due cloni di pioppo selezionati per la produzione di biomassa, Sirio e Pegaso, al fine di determinarne la produzione di biomassa e la sua relazione con le caratteristiche pedologiche. Al termine del primo ciclo colturale è stata registrata un produzione media di sostanza secca di 5 Mg ha-1 anno-1, e di 9 Mg ha-1 anno-1 al termine del secondo ciclo colturale, valori che risultano in linea con quelli evidenziati per piantagioni condotte con modelli colturali caratterizzati da bassi input o su terreni caratterizzati da limitata fertilità stazionale, mentre rese sensibilmente maggiori sono riportate per impianti soggetti a fertilizzazione ed irrigazione. È stata quindi condotta una seconda sperimentazione in un impianto di SRF in provincia di Cuneo composto da tre specie, pioppo, robinia e salice, testando tre differenti tipologie di spandimento di refluo zootecnico, apportando elevati quantitativi di nutrienti. Le rese in termini di biomassa sono risultate essere elevate, ma il pioppo non ha risposto ai trattamenti con un incremento significativo delle rese, probabilmente a causa di un eccesso di nutrienti. Il salice e la robinia hanno presentato un aumento della produzione di biomassa nei trattamenti con i reflui rispetto le prove non trattate, a dimostrazione che apporti di nutrienti possano influenzare positivamente la resa della SRF, senza ulteriori aggravi di costi.

Abstract:

O feijÃo-de-corda à uma cultura muito importante na dieta das camadas sociais inferiores. O baixo rendimento dessa cultura faz com que cada vez mais a irrigaÃÃo venha como ferramenta para auxiliar no aumento da produtividade. PorÃm, com oadvento da irrigaÃÃo o problema da salinidade aumentou bastante. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o acÃmulo de sais no solo e a produtividade do feijÃo-de-corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], cv. Epace 10, em funÃÃo da fraÃÃo de lixiviaÃÃo e dasalinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo. O experimento foi realizado durante a estaÃÃo seca na Ãrea experimental do LaboratÃrio de HidrÃulica e IrrigaÃÃo/UFC, seguindo um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetiÃÃes,sendo que cada parcela consistiu de 4 linhas de plantio com o comprimento de 5,0m. No tratamento 1 as plantas foram irrigadas com Ãgua do poÃo (CEa = 0,8 dS m-1), sem fraÃÃo de lixiviaÃÃo; os tratamentos 2, 3 e 4, consistiram de Ãgua salinacom CEa de 5,0 dS m-1, sem fraÃÃo de lixiviaÃÃo, com fraÃÃo de lixiviaÃÃo de 0,14 e 0,28, respectivamente. Durante as fases de floraÃÃo e frutificaÃÃo foram feitas quatro avaliaÃÃes de trocas gasosas foliares e trÃs determinaÃÃes dos teores deNa+, Ca+2, K+ e Cl-. Ao final do ciclo foram determinadas parÃmetros de crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo, bem como o acumulo de sais no solo. A aplicaÃÃo de Ãgua salina provocou acÃmulo de sais no solo, porÃm esses efeitos foram parcialmente revertidos pelo aumento da fraÃÃo de lixiviaÃÃo; a salinidade reduziu a produtividade de grÃo, porÃm nÃo afetou sua qualidade e provocou um aumento de 10% no Ãndice de colheita; a reduÃÃo na produtividade ocasionada pela salinidade da Ãgua deveu-se, em parte, à reduÃÃo na assimilaÃÃo lÃquida decarbono durante as fases de floraÃÃo e frutificaÃÃo, associada aos efeitos osmÃticos e ao acÃmulo de Ãons potencialmente tÃxicos nos tecidos foliares; as fraÃÃes de lixiviaÃÃo nÃo tiveram muita influÃncia na superaÃÃo dos danos provocados pela salinidade sobre a produtividade das plantas.
The cowpea is a very important crop in the diet of the inferior social classes, but its productivity is very low, especially is non-irrigated areas. However, the irrigation in semi-arid areas has been associated to soil salinization. The study had the objective to evaluate the effect of water salinity and the leaching fraction on thegrowth and the productivity of grains of cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata), cv, Epace 10. The experiment was set up in the experimental area of the LaboratÃrio de HidrÃulica e IrrigaÃÃo/UFC, during the dry season. A completely randomized block design, with five repetitions, was adopted. Each experimental unit consisted of 4 lines of plantation of 5.0 m. The treatments studied were:: 1. Well water with ECw of 0.8 dS m-1 (without leaching fraction); 2. saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 (without leaching fraction); 3. saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 with leaching fraction of 0.14; and 4. saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 with leaching fraction of 0.28. During the flowering and fruit development four measurements of gasexchange and three determinations ion concentrations (Na+, Ca+2, K+, and Cl-) were performed. At the end of the crop cycle, some parameters of vegetative growth and plant yield, and salt accumulation in the soil were observed. The saline water application provoked salt accumulation in the soil profile, but this effect was partially reverted by the increase of the leaching fraction. Salinity reduced plant yield, but it did not affect its quality and caused a 10% increase in the harvest index. The reduction in plant yield was related, at least in part, to decrease in net assimilation of carbon during flowering and fruit development due to osmotic effects and to accumulation of potentially toxic ions. In general, the increase in leaching fraction did not reduce the effect of the salinity on plant development.

Abstract:

ASSIS JÚNIOR, José Otacílio de. Produtividade do feijão-de-corda e acúmulo de sais no solo em função da salinidade da água e da fração de lixiviação. 2007. 63 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2007.
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The cowpea is a very important crop in the diet of the inferior social classes, but its productivity is very low, especially is non-irrigated areas. However, the irrigation in semi-arid areas has been associated to soil salinization. The study had the objective to evaluate the effect of water salinity and the leaching fraction on the growth and the productivity of grains of cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata), cv, Epace 10. The experiment was set up in the experimental area of the Laboratório de Hidráulica e Irrigação/UFC, during the dry season. A completely randomized block design, with five repetitions, was adopted. Each experimental unit consisted of 4 lines of plantation of 5.0 m. The treatments studied were:: 1. Well water with ECw of 0.8 dS m-1 (without leaching fraction); 2. saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 (without leaching fraction); 3. saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 with leaching fraction of 0.14; and 4. saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 with leaching fraction of 0.28. During the flowering and fruit development four measurements of gas exchange and three determinations ion concentrations (Na+, Ca+2, K+, and Cl-) were performed. At the end of the crop cycle, some parameters of vegetative growth and plant yield, and salt accumulation in the soil were observed. The saline water application provoked salt accumulation in the soil profile, but this effect was partially reverted by the increase of the leaching fraction. Salinity reduced plant yield, but it did not affect its quality and caused a 10% increase in the harvest index. The reduction in plant yield was related, at least in part, to decrease in net assimilation of carbon during flowering and fruit development due to osmotic effects and to accumulation of potentially toxic ions. In general, the increase in leaching fraction did not reduce the effect of the salinity on plant development.
O feijão-de-corda é uma cultura muito importante na dieta das camadas sociais inferiores. O baixo rendimento dessa cultura faz com que cada vez mais a irrigação venha como ferramenta para auxiliar no aumento da produtividade. Porém, com o advento da irrigação o problema da salinidade aumentou bastante. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o acúmulo de sais no solo e a produtividade do feijão-de-corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], cv. Epace 10, em função da fração de lixiviação e da salinidade da água de irrigação. O experimento foi realizado durante a estação seca na área experimental do Laboratório de Hidráulica e Irrigação/UFC, seguindo um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo que cada parcela consistiu de 4 linhas de plantio com o comprimento de 5,0m. No tratamento 1 as plantas foram irrigadas com água do poço (CEa = 0,8 dS m-1), sem fração de lixiviação; os tratamentos 2, 3 e 4, consistiram de água salina com CEa de 5,0 dS m-1, sem fração de lixiviação, com fração de lixiviação de 0,14 e 0,28, respectivamente. Durante as fases de floração e frutificação foram feitas quatro avaliações de trocas gasosas foliares e três determinações dos teores de Na+, Ca+2, K+ e Cl-. Ao final do ciclo foram determinadas parâmetros de crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo, bem como o acumulo de sais no solo. A aplicação de água salina provocou acúmulo de sais no solo, porém esses efeitos foram parcialmente revertidos pelo aumento da fração de lixiviação; a salinidade reduziu a produtividade de grão, porém não afetou sua qualidade e provocou um aumento de 10% no índice de colheita; a redução na produtividade ocasionada pela salinidade da água deveu-se, em parte, à redução na assimilação líquida de carbono durante as fases de floração e frutificação, associada aos efeitos osmóticos e ao acúmulo de íons potencialmente tóxicos nos tecidos foliares; as frações de lixiviação não tiveram muita influência na superação dos danos provocados pela salinidade sobre a produtividade das plantas.

Abstract:

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Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ
Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um método analítico para a determinação simultânea de cádmio, chumbo, cobre e níquel em amostras aquosas salinas por espectrometria de emissão ótica com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado, utilizando-se nebulizador ultra-sônico. O método se baseou na extração no ponto nuvem dos complexos metálicos formados com dietilditiocarbamato de sódio – DDTC-Na, usando o surfactante não-iônico Éter (1,1,3,3tetrametilbutil)fenil-(7-8)-polioxietilênico – Triton X-114.Para a otimização deste procedimento foram utilizadas técnicas de planejamento multivariado. Foram estudadas quatro variáveis: pH, concentração de complexante e de surfactante e tempo de centrifugação. Inicialmente fez-se um planejamento fatorial completo 24 para a definição das variáveis significativas. Em uma segunda etapa foi aplicada a metodologia de superfície de respostas usando a Matriz Doehlert e o critério de Lagrange para a localização dos pontos ótimos. Também foram realizados ensaios para investigar a interferência da matriz salina no resultado final.A pré-concentração de 50 mL de amostra, a um pH de 8,1, na presença de 0,08% de Triton X-114 e 0,015% de DDTC-Na permitiu limites de detecção de 0,03 μgL-1; 2,1 μgL-1; 0,62 μgL-1 e 0,27 μgL-1 e limites de quantificação de 0,11 μgL-1; 7,1 μgL-1; 2,10 μgL-1; 0,89 μgL-1 para cádmio, chumbo, cobre e níquel, respectivamente. Os fatores de pré-concentração obtidos, para um volume de solução final de 2 mL, foram: 20,0 (Cd), 20,4 (Pb), 19,5 (Cu) e 20,6 (Ni). A precisão calculada como desvio padrão relativo (RSD) foi de 3,7% (Cd), 5,7% (Pb), 6,6% (Cu) e 3,1 % (Ni) em amostras contendo 40 μgL-1 de chumbo, 20 μgL-1 de cobre, 20 μgL-1 de níquel e 10 μgL-1 de cádmio.O método proposto foi aplicado a amostras de água do mar e de água produzida na extração de petróleo.
This work presents the development of analytical methodologies for the simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead, copper and nickel in saline waters by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, using ultrasonic nebulization. The procedures are based on cloud point extraction of metal complexes with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate – DDTC-Na, using octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol – Triton X -114 as nonionic surfactant.A formal multidimensional optimization technique has been carried out in this study to optimize the experimental variables. Four variables were examined: pH, chelating reagent, surfactant concentration and centrifugation time. A two-level full factorial design was used to determine the influence of the variables to be optimized on the response. In a second stage, a surface-response methodology using Doehlert designs and Lagrange criterium was performed to find out the optimum values of those factors. The presence of matrix interferences in the final results was investigated.At pH 8.1, preconcentration of 50 mL of sample in the presence of 0.08% Triton X-114 and 0.015% DDTC-Na achieved the limits of detection 0.03 μgL-1; 2.1 μgL-1; 0.62 μgL-1 and 0.27 μgL-1 and the limits of quantification 0.11 μgL-1; 7.1 μgL-1; 2.10 μgL-1; 0.89 μgL-1 for cadmium, lead, copper and nickel, respectively. The enhancement factors were 20.0 (Cd), 20.4 (Pb), 19.5 (Cu) and 20.6 (Ni), with 2 mL final solution. The relative standard deviations were 3.7% (Cd), 5.7% (Pb), 6.6% (Cu) and 3.1 % (Ni) in samples containing 40 μgL-1 of lead, 20 μgL-1 of copper, 20 μgL-1 of nickel and 10 μgL-1 of cadmium.The proposed method has been applied in sea water and produced waters from petroleum exploration.

Abstract:

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The Northeast of Brazil, major national producer of bananas, presents as a major limiting factor the stretch of saline soil. The urgency in the development of tolerant cultivars to salinity has led to breeding programs with the aimed to differ the bananas cultivars in diploid genotypes tolerant and sensitive, to be considered viable genetic material for pollination of triploid and tetraploid cultivars. Generally, the present study aimed to characterize diploid genotypes belonging to the AA banana genomic group on salinity and identify genes differentially expressed in contrasting genotypes. At first, this research assessed the growth and accumulation of inorganic ions in 19 diploid genotypes (AA) of bananas subjected to salt stress. The genotypes were grown in a greenhouse and submitted to irrigation with no saline water (0 mM NaCl) or with saline water (100 mM NaCl) for a period of 21 days, when the experiment was collected. To the physiological evaluation, were considered the parameters of growth:leaf area, height, number of leaves, diameter of the pseudostem, weight of the tax burden of fresh and dry, while the chemical assessment observed the concentration of sodium ions, potassium, chloride, magnesium and calcium in limbo leaf, and root pseudostem / subroot. The addition of NaCl to the cultivar solution has, in general, reduced the growth expressed by height, formation of new leaves, leaf area, diameter of the pseudostem and production of fresh and dry materials. This reduction in growth probably due to factors such as: the toxic effect of ions that have been absorbed, the low osmotic and water potential of the cells as well as the use of metabolic energy in the process of osmotic adjustment. In assessing chemical factors, it was possible to observe that the ions concentration has been preferentially presented in root tissue, showing that it is a culture moderately tolerant to salinity.The sodium and chlorine ions increased significantly with the salt increase in differentparts of the plant, while potassium suffered reduction in the leaf lamina and the pseudostem probably because it is associated to the competition with the sodium ion leading to the conclusion that the differential accumulation of ions potentially toxic (sodium and chlorine) and the maintenance of potassium, contribute to the tolerance to salinity in banana. From the physiological analysis and by means of the toxicity symptoms caused by NaCl, it was possible to observe that the effects were less intense in Birmania and Khai Nai On genotypes, than in Sowmuk, its indicates the possibility of use of this plants in programmes for cultivars improvement as tolerant and sensitive, respectively. Seven genotypes were selected for characterization by means of molecular markers RAPD, with the aim to link the physiological responses to salt stress with the formation of groups. We tested 16 random primers. The resultsshow a broad molecular genetic variability among seven genotypes studied. The formation of groups, in part is related to the data obtained in the physiological assessment, keeping in the same group the Birmania and Khai Nai On genotypes.These genotypes that showed higher tolerance to salt stress, when compared to the more salt-sensitive genotype (Showmuk), became distant genetically, so, it can be noticed the possibility of use of this molecular marker in the study of genetic diversity for this species. For the genome functional study, or transcriptoma, this study aimed the detection of possible changes in the pattern of genes expressed in the three diploid genotypes (AA) of banana, Khai Nai On, Burma and Sowmuk with contrasting results when in the absence and presence of high salt concentrations. The Differential Display PCR - ddPCR technique was used to identify and compareregions of bands from fragments of cDNA on agarose gel. A total of 43 fragments of differentially expressed cDNA was generated from the combination of four primers anchors and six random primers. Among the transcripts, 30 were once expressed by the genotype Burma and Kha Nai On, and 13 only by Sowmuk genotype. Theregions of bands with greater consistency of formation, is between 4000 bp and 150 bp. By the results of this research, it was possible to identify some fragments potentially involved to the condition of salinity in banana. The isolation, purification and sequencing of these - Expressed sequence tags - ESTs can assist in the development of new varieties of banana, more adapted to salt stress, in addition to enriching the database of public functional sequences of genomes banks.
O Nordeste do Brasil, maior produtor nacional de banana, apresenta como fator limitante a grande extensão de solos salinos. A urgência no desenvolvimento de cultivares tolerantes a salinidade tem levado programas de melhoramento genético da cultura a classificar os genótipos diplóides de bananeira em tolerantes e sensíveis, por serem considerados materiais genéticos viáveis para polinização de cultivares triplóides e tetraplóides. De modo geral, o presente trabalho buscou caracterizar genótipos diplóides pertencentes ao grupo genômico AA de bananeira quanto a salinidade além de identificar genes diferencialmente expressos nos genótipos contrastantes. Na primeira fase desta pesquisa, foi avaliado o crescimento vegetativo e o acúmulo de íons inorgânicos em 19 genótipos diplóides (AA) de bananeiras submetidas a estresse salino. Os genótipos foram cultivados em casa de vegetação e submetidos à irrigação com água não salina (0 mM de NaCl) ou águasalina (100 mM de NaCl) durante um período de 21 dias, quando foi coletado o experimento. Para a avaliação fisiológica, foram considerados os parâmetros de crescimento: área foliar, altura, nº de folhas, diâmetro do pseudocaule, peso da matéria fresca e peso da matéria seca; enquanto que a avaliação química observou a concentração dos íons sódio, potássio, cloro, magnésio e cálcio no limbo foliar, pseudocaule e raiz/rizoma. A adição de NaCl à solução de cultivo, provocou, de modo geral, redução no crescimento expresso pela altura, formação de novas folhas, área foliar, diâmetro do pseudocaule e produção de matéria fresca e seca, provavelmente devido a fatores como: o efeito tóxico dos íons que foram absorvidos; o baixo potencial osmótico e hídrico das células; bem como a utilização de energia metabólica no processo de ajustamento osmótico. Na avaliação química, foi possívelobservar que a concentração dos íons foi preferencialmente no tecido radicular, reafirmando tratar-se de uma cultura moderadamente tolerante a salinidade. Os íonssódio e cloro aumentaram significativamente frente ao incremento salino nas diferentes partes da planta, enquanto o potássio sofreu redução no limbo foliar e no pseudocaule, possivelmente por estar associado a competição com o íon sódio levando a conclusão de que o acúmulo diferencial de íons potencialmente tóxicos (sódio e cloro) e a manutenção do potássio, contribuem para a tolerância à salinidade em bananeira. A partir da análise fisiológica e por meio da sintomatologia de toxidez provocada pelo NaCl, foi possível observar que os efeitos foram menos intensos nos genótipos Birmânia e Khai Nai On, do que no Sowmuk, indicando possíveis plantas a serem utilizadas nos programas de melhoramento da cultura como tolerantes e sensível, respectivamente. Sete genótipos foram selecionados para caracterização por meio de marcadores moleculares RAPD, buscando-se relacionar as respostas fisiológicas ao estresse salino com a formação de grupos.Foram testados 16 primers randômicos. Os resultados moleculares mostram uma ampla variabilidade genética entre os sete genótipos estudados. A formação dos agrupamentos, em parte correspondeu aos dados obtidos na avaliação fisiológica, mantendo em um mesmo grupo os genótipos Birmânia e Khai Nai On. Estes genótipos que apresentaram maior tolerância ao estresse salino, quando comparados com a mais sensível ao sal (Showmuk), mostraram-se distantes geneticamente, o que vem a demonstrar a possibilidade de utilização deste marcador molecular no estudo da diversidade genética para esta espécie. Para o estudo do genoma funcional, ou transcriptoma, o presente trabalho objetivou a detecção das possíveis alterações no padrão de genes expressos nos três genótipos diplóides (AA) de bananeira, Khai Nai On, Birmânia e Sowmuk, com respostascontrastantes quando na ausência e presença de alta concentração salina. A técnica de Differential Display PCR – ddPCR foi utilizada para identificar e comparar regiões de bandas de fragmentos de cDNA em gel de agarose. Um total de 43 fragmentosde cDNA diferencialmente expressos foram gerados a partir da combinação de quatro primers âncoras e seis primers aleatórios. Dentre os transcritos, 30 foram expressos unicamente pelos genótipos Birmânia e Kha Nai On, e 13 apenas pelo genótipo Sowmuk. As regiões de bandas com maior consistência de formação, encontraram-se entre 4000 pb e 150 pb. Pelos resultados deste trabalho, foi possível identificar alguns fragmentos potencialmente envolvidos em respostas à condição de salinidade em bananeira. O isolamento, purificação e sequenciamento destes –Expressed sequence tags - ESTs poderá auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novos cultivares de bananeira, mais adaptados ao estresse salino, além de enriquecer a base de dados de bancos públicos de seqüências de genomas funcionais.

Abstract:

Orientador: Artur Udelsmann
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Justificativa e objetivos: Várias soluções podem ser empregadas no tratamento da hipovolemia, sendo as mais comuns as cristalóides e as colóides. Na década de 1980, estudou-se o uso de soluções salinas hipertônicas, na reposição volêmica com pequenos volumes. Posteriormente foi indicada a associação das soluções hipertônicas com soluções colóides com resultados satisfatórios. O hidroxi-etil amido hipertônico é uma nova solução de reposição volêmica, composta por um colóide associado ao NaCl 7,2%. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar, em cães submetidos à hipovolemia, as respostas hemodinâmicas da reposição volêmica com solução fisiológica e hidroxi-etil amido hipertônico. Método: 40 cães sob anestesia geral e monitorização hemodinâmica com pressão arterial invasiva e cateter de Swan-Ganz, após medidas hemodinâmicas em repouso, foram sangrados 20 ml.kg-1 em 10 minutos e tiveram os parâmetros novamente medidos após 10 minutos; em seguida foi realizada reposição volêmica com solução fisiológica na razão de duas vezes o volume retirado em 5 minutos ou 4 ml.kg-1 de hidroxi-etil amido hipertônico também em 5 minutos e os dados hemodinâmicos foram medidos após 5, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos. Os resultados foram comparados estatisticamente. Resultados: nesse estudo, a reposição volêmica com as duas soluções fez os valores retornarem a níveis hemodinâmicos satisfatórios. Valores iniciais maiores foram observados com a solução fisiológica, mas tenderam a diminuir progressivamente, com o hidroxi-etil amido hipertônico os parâmetros estudados retornaram a valores semelhantes ao repouso e variaram menos. O índice cardíaco mostrou valores maiores para o grupo SF em todos os momentos após a reposição volêmica (p<0,001) . As pressões arteriais e pulmonares não mostraram diferenças entre os grupos. As pressões capilar pulmonar e venosa central mostraram valores maiores para o grupo SF imediatamente após a reposição volêmica (M3). Conclusões: ambas as soluções se mostraram eficientes na reposição volêmica no curto prazo estudado, mas o hidroxi-etil amido hipertônico proporcionou resultados mais estáveis. Unitermos: hipovolemia, hidroxi-etil amido, solução salina hipertônica
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Several solutions may be employed for the treatment of hypovolemia. Among the various solutions used, the most common are crystalloids and colloids. In the 80s, the use of hypertonic saline solutions was studied for small-volume fluid replacement. Subsequently, these hypertonic solutions were associated with colloid solutions producing satisfactory results. Hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch is a new solution used for volume replacement that is composed of a colloid associated with 7.2% NaCl. The purpose of this study was to examine hemodynamic response to volume replacement using saline solution and hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch in dogs subjected to hypovolemia. Method: Forty (40) dogs underwent general anesthesia and were hemodynamically monitored with intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring and a Swan-Ganz catheter. Baseline hemodynamic values were measured and the dogs were bled 20 ml.Kg.1 Parameters were measured after 10 minutes. Volume replacement with saline solution was then performed at a ratio of twice the volume removed or 4 ml.Kg-1 of hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch. Hemodynamic data was measured after 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. The results were statistically compared. Results: In this study, values returned to satisfactory hemodynamic levels when volume was replaced with both solutions. Higher initial values were observed when saline solution was used. However, these values tended to decrease progressively. When hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch was used, the parameters studied returned more rapidly to values similar to those at baseline and less variation was observed. The cardiac index showed higher values for the saline group at all time periods studied after volume replacement (p<0.001). Arterial blood pressure and pulmonary blood pressure showed no differences between groups. Pulmonary capillary pressure and central venous pressure showed higher values for the saline group immediately after volume replacement (M3). Conclusions: Both solutions proved to be efficient at replacing volume in the short period studied. However, hypertonic hidroxyethyl starch provided more stable results. Uniterms: Hypovolemia, Hetastarch, Saline Solution, Hypertonic
Mestrado
Cirurgia
Mestre em Cirurgia

Abstract:

Blood letting effect of the medicinal leeches is provided by antihaemostatic properties of the salivary gland secretion. We have demonstrated that the natural salivary gland secretion inhibits the vascular-platelets haemostasis and the contact stage of the intrinsic mechnism of blood coagulation but has no effect on the activation of extrinsic mechanism (Bui 1.Exp.Biol.Med.USSR 97, 6, 696; 8, 142, 1984). Leech prostaglandins (Dokl.Acad.Nauk USSR, 1987) and inhibitors of plasma kallikrein and Factor XI la are the main anti haemostatic agents of the leech saliva.The leech saliva does not change the main parameters of blood coagulation of the healthy animals, such as recalcification time, cephalin time, thrombin and prothrombin time 5, 15 and 25 min after intravenous injection. But the platelets aggregation stimulated by thrombin is diminished by 20% (n=30;p 0,02) Recalcification time, cephalin time and platelets aggregation reduced by intravenous injection of human serum is corrected by leech saliva.As the trigger mechanisms of haemostasis are very much alike the trigger mechanisms of thrombogenes?s, we investigated antithrombotic ability of the leech saliva, extracts of dried leeches and blood of intestinal gut. We used Wessler procedure of throm-bous formation in rats.The thrombous formation was diminished by 90% compared to control when 0.3 ml of the leech saliva (diluted with saline 1:4) was injected intravenously 2-4 hrs before injection of human serum. Thrombous formation was diminished by 40% when time interval was elongated to 24-28 hrs. Antithrombotic effect does not depend on the antithrombin activity of hirudin. It slightly decreased in case of oral administration and increased after the multiple intravenous injections or oral administration.Blood from the leech intestinal tract and other preparations from the leeches exhibit less distinct antithrombotic effect than the salivatory gland secretion.

Abstract:

Review question / Objective: Evaluate and compare the effectiveness of hypertonic saline and mannitol in patients with traumatic brain injury. Rationale: Traumatic brain injury is one of the main reasons for death and disability worldwide. Generally, the frequency of traumatic brain injury in Europe is >2,000 per million yearly; guidelines suggest more conservative interventions, e.g., raising of the upper body, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and the use of hypertonic saline or mannitol before executing decompressive craniectomy. It is still uncertain whether hypertonic saline is better than mannitol in managing pediatric and adult patients with traumatic brain injury. The present systemic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of hypertonic saline compared to mannitol for managing TBI in traumatic brain injury. Eligibility criteria: Studies were included based on the described eligibility criteria using PICOS: P (Population); I (Intervention); C (Control); O (Outcome); S (Studies); only clinical trials and cohort studies published in English were selected.